The High Cost of Cool Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The High Cost of Cool - Assignment Example Concurrently, Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus (2002), outline these eight factors as convenience, cost, moral acceptability, sharing responsibility, safety, reversibility, protection from sexually transmitted illness and effectiveness. The notes offer a vivid explanation of these factors and the various risks and percentages of success associated with each commonly used contraception method (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2002). The weekly-dispensed reading is on body image. Infocus portrays the body representation and the role it plays in sexuality. The article offers an exhaustive tale on the media’s obsession with creating impracticable body images to their audience. Suggestions on how to improve one’s image are given. The article notes numerous problems allied with undesirable body image. These include eating disorders, muscle dysmorphia, use of steroid and superficial operation. Infocus notes weight, weight allotment within the body frame, one’s discernment of physical appearance, individual impression of excellent physical look, ethnic backdrop, and in people around us. Notable in the article is the fact that that body appearance influences an individual’s confidence and sexual behavior. A majority of women suffer from the pressure of not having an outstanding body image (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2002). According to Infocus, the elusive perfect body linked with athletes and models is not as faultless as contemplated. The article terms the ideas advanced by the media that only a few individuals are of exceptionally physically gift as fallacious. It points at the fact that some of these images, presented in the media, undergo numerous manipulations before final presentation to the viewers. The article observes that the coveted female and representations in the media outlets that are so coveted is idealistic. Frontline notes

Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mathematics - Essay Example Mathematics is major component of our culture and we need to learn more and more of it. Mathematics has been considered a necessity and essentiality what ever time period. Plato's Academy was marked with phrase "Let no one ignorant of Geometry enter here" Mathematics enjoys unshakable foundation and its basis is pure rationality. It promotes rational thinking and ideas and leaves nothing to chance. Even the chance or the probability is dealt in a very rational and logical manner. Logic grew into thriving field through algebraically minded mathematicians like George Boole, Ernst Schroder, Balzano, Ferge and Hilbert. The history of Mathematics goes as far back as 30000 BC when Paleolithic people in Central Europe and France recorded numbers on bones. Uses of early geometric designs were found to belong to 25000 BC. In 2000 BC Harappans adopted a uniform system of weight and measure. Quadratic equations were solved in 1950 BC. In 1850 BC Babylonians came to know about Pythagoras theorem. Almost at the same time multiplication tables were used by them. Sexagesimal number system was used to predict the position of Sun, moon and other planets in 500 BC. Hippocrates wrote "Elements" in 450 BC which is first compilation of elements of geometry. Euclid gave a systematic development of geometry in Stoicheion (The Elements). He also gave the laws of reflection in Catoptrics. In 250 BC Archimedes floated Archimedes Principles and gave an approximate value of . In 127 BC Hippocras discovered the precision of Equinox and calculated the length of year. In about 60 AD Heron of Alexandria wrote Metrica (Measur ement), which contained the formula for calculating Areas and Volumes. The Maya civilization in 250 AD used an almost place-value number system to base 20. In 499 AD Aryabhatta calculated to be 3.1416. In about 850 AD Thabit Ibn Qurra made important mathematical discoveries such as extension of the concept of number to real number, integral calculus, theorems in spherical geometry and non Euclidian geometry. Lot of other developments in mathematics need to be mentioned here but the only point is to show that mathematics developed through different generations and in different societies and cultures, which means that Mathematics was inevitable for one and all and was the nucleus for discoveries, inventions and development. Mathematics is one subject that transcends time and culture. The Pythagorean Theorem is true in any culture and every century, and is studied wherever mathematics is taught. In a world of rapid change, mathematics is one thing that endures. Its heritage is treasure we pass from generation to generation, a common store of wisdom whose usefulness takes a different manifestation in various culture and settings. Mathematics is rooted in timeless values and still is evolving. Newton gave mathematical laws of motion only three centuries ago. Lately new ways of measurements are being propounded which helps in advancement of science and commerce. Mathematics is used as an essential tool in almost all fields like

Planning for Success A Product Launch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning for Success A Product Launch - Essay Example It is necessary to strategies on how to monitor the progress of the product and ensure efficient allocation of products to the right market (Cavanagh 2012). Apple Inc. is undergoing increasing difficulty in managing time-to-market and to reduce the cost of introducing the new products. Apple Inc. Is a technology company, with frequent changes in the mode of doing business. This paper will focus on how launch effectively a new iPhone for the Apple Inc. The company will be launching a new product in the market. The product itself is the new iPhone which was introduced recently in the market. This report will include all the requirements, the planning process, implementation and the effective means of monitoring the implementation process (Comments on â€Å"A New Product Growth for Model Consumer Durables The Bass Model 2011). The iPhone that will be launched soon is expected to meet customers expectation since it contains all the features in it. The key features are that the iPhone itself is a mobile phone, contained software for playing music, mini personal organizer and it contained other software that can be used in various sectors. The main goals and objective for launching iPhone is to create awareness of the iPhone in the market. It is essential for the potential customers to know that the new iPhone has been released. The launch of this product will also assist in distributing the product in the market. Furthermore, the process will help to get feedback from the target segment for a pre-launch, win the customers interest so that they can place pre-orders and get the chance for product demonstrations. Besides, the company will be able to introduce iPhone in the new market. To be effective, it is essential to be objective and be specific when launching the iPhone. For instance, it is necessary to deliver the number of iPhones in the

Final Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Examination - Essay Example They wanted her to give in by putting pressure on her. They also threatened to tell other employees of what she had done. If this happened, then she knew that she would lose her job. For the second requirement, management showed outrageous conduct by terminating Kayte’s contract for following established laws. For the third requirement, management was the complainant. For the fourth requirement, her suffering was severe because she knew that she was going to lose her job for what she had done. The American Disabilities Act defines disabilities as â€Å"affecting a major life activity,† The areas of coverage are: vision, mental, motor skills, the ability to care for one’s self, and to commute to employment. Kayte has problems with her vision. For Kayte to prove disability discrimination, she must first prove that she has a disability. The definition of a disability is â€Å"a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activates of such an individual and a record of such impairment, or being regarded as having such impairment.† Kayte is physically impaired by her vision and it affects her major life activities. 3. If an inference of discrimination is met, the employer must show that the rejection was not a hidden pretext for discrimination (This allows clients to get evidence behind the scenes, but cannot be done before this point) This is the rule that applies to the McDonnell Douglas vs. Green case: â€Å"such a complaint must state and contain a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.† The standard of proof in Green’s case is an evidentiary requirement and not one of correct pleading techniques. The Sutton vs. United Airlines case helps define how a visual disability should be treated. Kayte was discriminated against previously because she was able to perform her job excellently, but the company was not willing to accommodate her and allow her the

JUDICIARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JUDICIARY - Essay Example This is the democratic principle enshrined in the Constitution, the rule of law to prevent the tyranny and also maintain law and order. To achieve this end, the three foundations of a justice system are the police for the enforcement function, the criminal justice system for court trials, and finally, the corrections or the prison system to incarcerate and rehabilitate those convicted of crimes against society. Members of the criminal justice system, such as the prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges or justices must at all times implement and interpret the law with probity, fairness, justice, equality, and solidarity in the pursuit of human rights protection for all, exercise their function without fear or favor. All the said members must act in an ethical manner at all times, free from any corruption, and not influenced by any consideration except morals B. Discussion The judiciary performs its functions with the utmost fairness and equality; how judges must implement or interp ret the law without any influence or pressure from anybody, so that citizens will have faith and trust in their justice system, as their supreme protector against oppression by powerful individuals or influential pressure groups. However, it is also faced with a number of problems or issues it must address so it can carry out its mandate adequately. 1. Judicial ethics – members of the judiciary are brought to a higher standard than other people, they being expected to uphold the law at all times so people will also respect the law. The foundation of law is based on the validity of civil ethics within pluralism (Cortina, 2000). a. Solemn oath – this is a reminder to always stick to the straight and narrow path, despite temptations along the way in performance of duties. Corruption has been a bane, because people tend to accept bribes or other considerations of value (Montinola & Jackman, 2002). b. Sanctions – the judiciary does not take too kindly to its erring m embers and imposes a variety of measures such as fines, suspensions, disbarment, and even imprisonment. c. Code of conduct – members of the judiciary have to be careful in their actions at all times, to uphold the integrity and independence of the judicial branch of government. Standards are contained in the judicial canons issued by the Supreme Court, to include such matters as the avoidance of any impropriety, or even just the mere appearance of impropriety, and to avoid any partisan political activity at all times, such as campaigning for a particular party or candidate. It is a co-equal branch and must exercise its independence always (Fox & Stephenson, 2011). 2. Why people commit crimes – there will always be deviants in any society. Why these people commit crimes despite the certainty of punishment made sociologists offer their theories. a. Anomie theory – this was introduced by eminent French sociologist Emile Durkheim, in his book The Division of Labor i n Society published back in 1893, which explains the modern phenomenon of deviance, resulting from feelings of inadequacy and ambiguity, coming from the industrialization of society, causing normlessness from loss of values and traditions (Franzese, 2009); anomie views criminals as victims of society, unable to cope, and not as mere deviants. b. Strain theory –

Challenges of the Native American Essay Example for Free

Challenges of the Native American Essay Native American culture is in its downfall, due to the discrimination and dehumanization that Native Americans have faced. Native American culture revolves around a circle. They believe the most important aspects of life such as nature is based on circles. The repetition of life and death, their own families, and even the food chain are all examples of circles. These circles have been shattered by the discrepancies from white men in particular. Being kicked off their land and forced into reservations, Carlisle Schools, and substance abuse have broken the Native American circle. Authors like Sherman Alexie have displayed examples of these broken circles. His work has made our society aware of the discrimination the Native American culture has endured. Settlers viewed themselves as above the Native Americans resulting in conflicts between the two. These conflicts escalated, and the white settlers viewed Native Americans as a threat to the country. The U. S. government forced Native Americans onto land that was viewed unimportant, or of no value at all. This has broken their circle by forcing them away from their homeland and they had to restart their lives in a new land. This was the beginning of the downfall for the Native American culture and its circle. Schools were specifically designed to tear apart the Native American circle. The Carlisle School was founded by Richard Pratt in 1892 (Pavelic, Perelshstein 1). The school†s main goal was to convert young Native Americans to American lifestyle and culture. The school stripped Native American childrens culture away from them by converting them to Christianity, and forcing them to never use their native language (Pavelic, Perelshstein 1). By tearing the Native American culture out of the children, the culture is unable to pass on through them hence destroying the circle by not allowing their culture to be taught to future generations. After the discrimination and dehumanization from being kicked off their land and being forced into American culture, many Native Americans also began self-destructing due to substance abuse. Native Americans have the highest rate of substance abuse above any other race in the U. S. (Meir 1). These substances include alcohol, and harsher drugs such as methamphetamine. Substance abuse breaks the family circle because it leads to physical abuse, or abandoning of families displayed in the movie Smoke Signals. Many Native Americans use alcohol as a coping mechanism to deal with all the pain they have to face. The abuse of alcohol shows the lack of hope, and shows them surrendering to the discrimination thus surrendering their dreams. By giving up on what they have wanted they fracture the circle of hope and happiness. Hope and happiness are two very important circles because they give people fuel to do great things. When one person is happy and has hope it will be contagious giving people joy. Without this circle the world would be a very tedious and weary place. Authors have made attempts to restore Native American culture and the broken circles. The book Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie is novel about hope. Arnold Spirit who lives on a impoverished Native American reservation is the main character in the novel. He is bullied and physically beaten on a day to day basis and almost every adult on the reservation is an alcoholic including his parents. Arnold does not give up, he sees an opportunity to be uplifted from all of the hardships and he takes it. Sherman Alexie shows that hope, and willpower is what is needed in order to restore the circle. Sherman Alexie also wrote the screenplay to the movie called, Smoke Signals. This movie revolves around the fight of normal Native Americans to rise above stereotypes. Thomas-Builds-the-Fire and Victor Joseph are the main characters who set off to obtain Victors Dads ashes who abandoned Victor when he was young. Their problem is that it is hard to discover who they really are because of all the stereotypes that tear them apart. Victor asks Thomas how many times he had seen Dances with Wolves. A hundred, two hundred times? Oh, jeez, you have seen it that many times, havent you? Man, do you think that shit is real? God. Dont you even know how to be a real Indian? Thomas responded saying, I guess not. Victor then went on to tell Thomas to look more stoic and not to smile like an idiot. This scene is an example of how Victor rejects stereotypes, yet embraces them. He does not know who he is, if he is like a stoic Native American, or if he is just like everyone else in the world. In the end, Thomas and Victor manage to discover themselves and to surpass their confusion regarding their identity induced by the stereotypical image others have of them. Thomas helps Victor by showing him not all people are bad and untrustworthy. Thomas teaches Victor to forgive and forget which helps Victor forgive his father. Thomas would tell Victor good stories about how great his dad was which leads to Victor cutting off his hair because he is ashamed of how he felt towards his father. Cutting off ones hair was a Native American ceremony used to show regret. Sherman Alexie has impacted the Native American culture with his award winning book Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, and his screenplay for the movie Smoke Signals. He has impacted their culture by showing the world examples of broken circles and has given hope to the Native Americans. The Native Americans circle has been broken by stereotypes, dehumanization, and discrimination of the past and the present. Each has torn apart the Native American culture leaving a permanent mark. Most Native Americans have no hope regarding any change to their broken culture. The high rate of substance abuse among Native Americans shows the lack of hope, and the acceptance of such a broken culture. Those who seek hope such as Sherman Alexie, have been successful. He displays his hope in the novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, and in the movie, Smoke Signals. Ultimately, hope is the key that unlocks the broken circles that Native Americans have been overtaken by.

Evidence based practice and the reflective practice

Evidence based practice and the reflective practice From my point of view, I believe that the two main sorts of research evidence that could inform educational practices are the evidence based practice and the reflective practice. I still have on my mind the words of Ravitch, I am deeply grateful that my treatment was based on medical research and not education research. Otherwise, I would not be here to tell my tale (Ravitch, 1998, p.33) and her insistence from her experience that educators have something to learn from physicians as she was also educators. The evidence based practice was first introduced on medical research as evidence-based medicine. Their main source was the development of a particular kind of medical research the randomised controlled trial (RCT) which was designed as a way to assess the value of new drugs in order to check the claims of their manufacturers (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). However, there is a movement in the late 1990s, in several countries and also in the UK, for both educational practice and educational policy to become more evidence-based-or at least evidence-informed (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.15). From my own experience of teaching prof essional practice has always been informed by evidence. What we teach on the class is based on evidence. It is a fact that reliance on a body of scientific knowledge has been treated as a defining feature of any profession, and has figured largely in the attempts by many occupations to gain this status. Looking back, in the beginning of the twentieth century it was taken to be one of the traits that marked professions off from other occupations (Flexner, 1915). The movement for evidence-based practice does not repeat the ideas of the definition of a profession, it does involve distinctive requirements. It proposes that practice should be guided much more directly by research evidence than previously. Furthermore, education as a profession, or a collection of professions, has always been a complex and contested one. It is well known that, in most countries, schoolteachers have never gained any autonomy and power achieved by other professions such as lawyers and doctors. In addition, the main body of knowledge on which their practice was supposed to be based was very often subject knowledge. Thus, in recent decades, in the UK and some other societies, a weak grasp of subject knowledge on the part of primary-school teachers, especially in the areas of science and mathematics, has been held responsible for what has been identified as poor levels of educational performance (Traianou, 2007, p.11). In contrast to this, research knowledge has been shaping the educational practice well before the evidence-based practice began. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, the two famous educational researchers have worked a few decades ago and their ideas have been generated diverse recommendations for educational practice. It is obvious since Piagets name often has been invoked by advocates of discovery learning and progressive education two approaches that strongly emphasise the autonomy of the learner. Furthermore, his work also highlights the important role that cognitive structures play in childrens learning, and, more generally, that what learners learn will depend on where they are starting from (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). At this point, it is also important to mention that Vygotsky drew on Piagets work, and they both believed that learners should actively construct their understanding of the world. They both denied that learning is a passive response to external stimuli but it has implications well beyond the contex t of childrens learning. Indeed, it carries an important message about all forms of education. In addition, Hargreaves literally mentions Teaching is not at present research-based profession and he continues I have no doubt that if it were, teaching would be more effective and more satisfying (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.3). The medical profession has gained a lot of prestige lately due to the growth of its research which mainly is based on evidence based practice. In contrast, the teaching profession did not take such a step. Very rarely, teachers would look on other professional fields to examine and learn from their structure (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.4). As a teacher, I certainly understand that even though we heavily rely on what we learn from our own experiences which are private trials which might be right or wrong. In contrast, in the evidence based medicine process they convert the information needs into answerable questions, track down with the maximum efficiency the best evidence with which to answer, critically appraise that evidence for its validity and usefulness, apply the results and evaluate performance (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.13). Reflective practice can be traced way back before the twentieth century, while much of what is involved in the notion, for example the idea of phronesis outlined by Aristotle. However, the statement by Schà ¶n that In recent years there has been a growing perception that researchers, who are supposed to feed the professional schools with useful knowledge, have less and less to say that practitioners find useful(Schà ¶n, 1987, p. 10) does really disturb a lot since the reflective practice was happened a long before and has not just developed. Furthermore, Schà ¶n stated that it is modified by reflection-in-action (the ability to think about what one is doing while doing it) and reflection-on-action (the capacity to reflect after the event on what has happened and on its implications for ones practice) (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). Developing these abilities, these forms of reflection that professional skill and wisdom can be built up in the course of experience, an d these capacities are important because real-world problems do not usually present themselves in ways that would match the technical knowledge produced by research. The notion of reflective practice has been under different names in the early 1970s, came to the fore in the 1980s through the works of Schà ¶n, Valli and Elliott. This notion places as much emphasis on teachers own evaluation of their practices as on the planning and management skills into which such evaluation feeds( Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.122). One of the recent recommended techniques in the reflective practitioner discourse is the developing of teachers own diary or journal that can systematically reflect. With this method, teachers can improve themselves and develop their own valid teaching method. As usual, the introduction of new ideas was accepted by less experienced teachers rather than more experienced ones. As Mitchell and Weber (1996) stated experience teachers suggest that they are just likely to cause concern, confusion and misguided behaviour through their over-personalization of teaching activity (Mitchell and Weber, 1996, p.34). Up to this point, I have described the two main sorts of research evidence that could inform educational practice. Furthermore, I will mention differences and significant similarities. Hargreaves and others who have concerned how research serves evidence based practice are not simply putting forward a particular view of the relationship between research and practice. It is clear that they think educational research needs to change in character, although neither Ravitch nor Hargreaves insists that it must take the form of randomised controlled trials (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.26). However, from the point of view of advocating evidence-based practice, the practices of professionals are based on knowledge that must be eliminated in favour of procedures determined by sound, scientifically validated research evidence. In contrast, Schà ¶ns perspective, those traditional practices are seen as skilful and principled strategies that cannot be bettered by the substitution of research based knowledge; rather, they can only be improved by further reflection in and on professional practice (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). In addition, Moore sugge sts that, the reflective practitioner discourse was not influential in official circles during his times. He insists that there are connections between each model and particular approaches to educational research. In a sense, the competences discourse has an affinity with quantitative method, and the reflective practitioner model with qualitative method (Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.127). In my opinion, I believe that there could be another similarity due to the fact that both are considered to be unrepresentative. It cant be presumed that all subjects taking part in RCT trials are representative of the people who will eventually be taking the drug or treatment and the data that a teacher personally gathers from his/her own classroom conditions cannot be presumed to apply to all conditions. Both of them have the same goals which are to enrich the corpus of knowledgeand to inform educational practice. Also, they both rely on philosophical grounds positivist one and interpretivist (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.79). On the other, it cannot be presumed that all subjects taking part in RCT trials are representative of the people who will eventually be taking the drug or treatment and the data that a teacher personally gathers from his/her own classroom conditions cannot be presumed to apply to all conditions. Nevertheless, it seems to me that they share a lot o f points in common, such as theirposition with theory, which they dont question as both tend to look at teaching strategies rather than the sense of teaching and what is taught. To sum up, I would not disagree that RCTs provide measurable outcomes, and the reflective discourse emphasises the practitioners experience, this doesnt mean that it ignores the skills and techniques needed but that it tries to look at the wider picture. so if their spectrum of research and practice is limited what part does critical theory of research play as I see it to be connected to reflective practice. The Cyprus educational system unfortunately has been very weak as far as the new teachers are concerned, especially the ones that teach in secondary and high schools. A lot of them enter the teaching classrooms without any educational experience apart from the fact that they are graduates of universities. The same fact has happened to me also. Suddenly, I found myself from the hotel industry to teach in the school hotel labs and classrooms. From that day on I had to find a way of how I could become more effective within the classroom and be more efficient with my students. Having studied part one of the study guide for the course I am more confident to explain which methods I use during my teaching courses. However, I remember that I always mention to my colleagues that the teaching plans I have, are never stable. Every time I conclude with the lessons, I keep change them. I used to judge myself (reflective) what went right and what needed a change and I was doing it. Without realisi ng, I was using the reflective method and in a sense I was improving myself. However, as a teacher in a technical and vocational school, I spend most of my teaching hours in the lab rather than in the normal classrooms. From what I have studied up to now, I find myself that I used both educational methods of teaching, i.e. evidence based practice and reflective methods, not only for improving my teaching methods but also for the benefits of my students. The evidence-based practice, I use it a lot when I teach Food technology, Wine making or Food and Drink cost course. In all these courses the results from previous statistics which can be found through research are very useful not only for the teacher but for the students also. For instance, in order to produce good quality wine the evidence shows that there are certain parameters which are very essential such as the % of the sugar on the grapes, or how many days they should stay for fermentation, and e.t.c. This is happening with all the above mentioned courses and believe me students understand better when I use evidence-based practice because I can claim that throughout the years the research experience on developing the course has never been wrong. On the other hand, reflective practice is mostly used in the labs. Since a lot of the students work is done within the lab with practice on the lab exercises. I usually teach cooking and baking. All the other vocational teachers as well as I, were using reflective practice even though we could not understand that we were using it. What do we usually do? We explain to our students how things should be prepared, cooked and be ready to be served. As a teacher, I know from the beginning how the final product should be since I have worked through the reflective practice many times. I explain to the students the process and the directions needed to be followed and I guide them throughout the lesson. A single mistake or a small misunderstanding from the students, results are off truck. This can happen not only with cooking and baking but also with carpentry, electricians and any other specialization existing in the technical and vocational schools. References E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, (2007), The Open University Flexner, A. (1915) Is social work a profession?, paper presented at the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections at the Fortysecond Annual Session held in Baltimore, Maryland, May 12-19, Chicago, Hildmann. Hargreaves, D. (2007) Teaching as a research-based profession: possibilities and prospects (The Teacher Training Agency Lecture 1996) in Educational Research and Evidence-based Practice By in Hammersley, M, 2009, Sage Publication, London. Mitchell, C. and Weber, S. (1996) Reinventing Ourselves as Teachers: Private and Social Acts of Memory an Imagination, London: Falmer Press. Moore, A. (2007) Beyond reflection: contingency, idiosyncrasy and reflexivity in initial teacher education in Educational Research and Evidence-based Practice By in Hammersley, M, 2009, Sage Publication, London. Ravitch, D. (1998) What if research really mattered?, Education Week, 16 December, vol. 18, no. 16, p. 33. Schà ¶n, D. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner, San Francisco, Jossey Bass. Traianou, A. (2007) Understanding Teacher Expertise in Primary Science: A Sociocultural Approach, Rotterdam, Sense Publishers.